Humidification: Equilibrium data, adiabatic and non-adiabatic operations, Evaporative cooling, drought towers. Drying: Definitions, batch, mechanism of drying, drying at low temperature, continuous drying, material and enthalpy balances, the design of driers. Evaporation: Single and multiple effects, and flow arrangements, heat pumps, barometric condensers. Crystallization: Theory, batch and continuous, equilibrium enthalpy balances, the design of different types of crystallizers. Adsorption: Stagewise adsorptions, continuous adsorption, design using LUB concept and regeneration.