Communication System block diagram. Channel impairments: attenuation, distortion and noise. Noise sources/characteristics, AWGN noise. Modulation and demodulation techniques. Mixers, coherent detection, and frequency conversion. Multiplexing: TDM, TDMA, FDM and FDMA. Digital transmission: sampling of signals, quantization, line coding and pulse shaping. Landline Telephony, Pulse Cod Modulation (PCM), PDH and SDH standards. Basics of cellular telephony standards: GSM, 3G, and 4G. Basics of Analog and digital TV Broadcasting Standards. AM and FM Radio standards and receivers. Basics of ADSL standards.