01.Feb.2025
Lignin, an agro-byproduct of lignocellulosic bio-refineries, was utilized as the precursor biomass for synthesizing sulfonated carbon catalysts employed in producing biodiesel from waste vegetable oils. Various synthesis methods were explored, including H3PO4 activation and sol–gel techniques for producing lignin aerogels (LA) and xerogels (LX), to enhance lignin’s porosity. Characterization techniques (FTIR, BET, EDX, XRD, TGA, TEM, SEM) revealed that the activation method and sulfonation conditions significantly influenced the catalysts’ surface area, porosity, and catalytic activity. Catalysts prepared via H3PO4 impregnation or based on xerogels exhibited lower catalytic efficiency due to their compact structures and reduced surface area, which limited access to active sites. In contrast, the carbon aerogel catalyst, prepared at 400 °C and sulfonated at a solid-to-acid ratio of 1:10 for 10 h (LCA(M1)(1-400°C)-S(1:10)(10)), exhibited an acid density of 2.81 mmol/g, a surface area of 78.1 m2/g, and the highest biodiesel conversion of 96.58 %. The relationship between biodiesel conversion and yield was investigated using this catalyst, considering variables such as catalyst concentration, oil-to-methanol molar ratio, reaction time, and mixing speed. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to develop a model predicting conversion and yield and to determine the optimal reaction conditions for biodiesel production. RSM analysis revealed that all factors had a statistically significant impact (p < 0.000), with the quadratic model showing a strong correlation with experimental results. The optimal conditions identified were 12.5 % catalyst concentration, 4.89 h reaction time, 484 rpm mixing speed, and an oil-to-methanol molar ratio of 1:41.5. Under these conditions, the predicted conversion and yield were 97.2 % and 93.80 %, respectively. The produced biodiesel met ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards, underscoring its practical applicability.Click here for Link
Lignin, an agro-byproduct of lignocellulosic bio-refineries, was utilized as the precursor biomass for synthesizing sulfonated carbon catalysts employed in producing biodiesel from waste vegetable oils. Various synthesis methods were explored, including H3PO4 activation and sol–gel techniques for producing lignin aerogels (LA) and xerogels (LX), to enhance lignin’s porosity. Characterization techniques (FTIR, BET, EDX, XRD, TGA, TEM, SEM) revealed that the activation method and sulfonation conditions significantly influenced the catalysts’ surface area, porosity, and catalytic activity. Catalysts prepared via H3PO4 impregnation or based on xerogels exhibited lower catalytic efficiency due to their compact structures and reduced surface area, which limited access to active sites. In contrast, the carbon aerogel catalyst, prepared at 400 °C and sulfonated at a solid-to-acid ratio of 1:10 for 10 h (LCA(M1)(1-400°C)-S(1:10)(10)), exhibited an acid density of 2.81 mmol/g, a surface area of 78.1 m2/g, and the highest biodiesel conversion of 96.58 %. The relationship between biodiesel conversion and yield was investigated using this catalyst, considering variables such as catalyst concentration, oil-to-methanol molar ratio, reaction time, and mixing speed. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to develop a model predicting conversion and yield and to determine the optimal reaction conditions for biodiesel production. RSM analysis revealed that all factors had a statistically significant impact (p < 0.000), with the quadratic model showing a strong correlation with experimental results. The optimal conditions identified were 12.5 % catalyst concentration, 4.89 h reaction time, 484 rpm mixing speed, and an oil-to-methanol molar ratio of 1:41.5. Under these conditions, the predicted conversion and yield were 97.2 % and 93.80 %, respectively. The produced biodiesel met ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards, underscoring its practical applicability.
Click here for Link
15.Oct.2025
24.Aug.2025
أنا طالبة في الهندسة الصناعية, اختياري لهذا التخصص كان بناءً على أهميته الكبيرة كمهنة في الحاضر والمستقبل ... رغد بركات
الهندسة الصناعية تساعدك على اتخاذ قرارات أفضل، وتعطي أشكالا أخرى من مبادئ الهندسة بشكل عملي وعلمي في آن. ... محمود صلاح
قسم الهندسة الكيميائية قسم جميل جدا تعلمت فيه الكثير ومما تعلمته فيه جدية العمل وروح الفريق الواحد .. ... رغد الشويكي