Standards and codes for preparing PFD and P&ID; material and energy balances on the flow sheet level using modern principles of computer-aided flowsheeting; estimation of footprint of major pieces of equipment using shortcut design methods, heuristic tables and process simulators through a case study approach; material of construction; two and three-dimensional plant layout with safety considerations; site location; economic analysis of chemical processes: Methods for estimation of fixed capital cost and cost of manufacturing; profitability analysis; introduction to process optimization; use of computer-aided tools for rapid equipment sizing, cost estimation and economic analysis.